Why I Chose to Attend a Women’s College

Despite the fact that school confirmations have gotten progressively serious, not all universities are seeing an expansion in applications.Last year, we composed an article on Why Women Colleges Are Losing Funding to bring to our perusers consideration that not all universities are flourishing in reality as we know it where getting an advanced education is increasingly significant. While ladies schools may not be as well known as they used to be, there are a couple of universities that despite everything stick out. We solicited one from our s going to a womens school why she chose to apply and join up with one:Jodis StoryThe thought of going to a women’s school may not be alluring to numerous little youngsters applying to school for various reasons. Two of the most compelling motivations I’ve heard why numerous young ladies would prefer not to go to a women’s school is that there is absence of male nearness nearby, and that going to a women’s school must a ccompany a lot of show. As a current understudy of a women’s school (Smith), I can guarantee you that none of these reasons have ever been an issue during my time in college.The thought that setting off to a women’s school must be exhausting in light of the fact that there are no young men around is false. Setting off to a women’s school is similarly as fun as heading off to a coed school, and as I would like to think is much increasingly fun. The incredible thing about a women’s school is that understudies don't feel as if guys command the study hall or are preferred over female understudies, which is very empowering.Thinking that there is more dramatization at women’s school than at a coed school is additionally bogus, in actuality I have found there is less show. Most understudies going to a women’s school aren’t concentrated on folks yet are centered around their examinations, which pretty much rules out dramatization with other g irls.The best perspectives about going to a women’s school is the ladies strengthening nearby. Ladies can command inside and outside the homeroom, and are allowed to communicate their convictions without considering what their male partners will say about them. Since ladies command in the study hall, we get instruction where we feel just as we are equivalent men, which is significant in a male prevailing society. What’s incredible about a women’s school is that ladies can take classes that would be in any case ruled by men, for example, classes in the STEM field. I decided to go to a Women’s school since I feel just as I would be around a school of ladies continually hoping to engage one another. I have additionally discovered that I have come to esteem the companionships I have made with different young ladies, and that by going to a women’s school I am progressively arranged to take on a male overwhelmed society.

Women, Beauty and Self-Esteem Essay -- Body Image & Self Esteem

Ambrose Bierce (1958) once composed, â€Å"To men a man is nevertheless a psyche. Who cares what face he conveys or what he wears? Be that as it may, woman’s body is the woman.† Despite the cultural changes accomplished since Bierce’s time, his announcement stays valid. Since the stature of the women's activist development in the mid 1970s, ladies have gone through more cash than any other time in recent memory on items and medications intended to make them lovely. Restorative deals have expanded every year to reach $18 billion out of 1987 (â€Å"Ignoring the economy. . . ,† 1989), deals of women’s attire found the middle value of $103 billion every month in 1990 (individual correspondence, U.S. Authority of Economic Analysis, 1992), consuming less calories has become a $30-billion-every year industry (Stoffel, 1989), and ladies burned through $1.2 billion on corrective medical procedure in 1990 (individual correspondence, American Society of Plasti c and Reconstructive Surgeons, 1992). The significance of magnificence has clearly expanded even as ladies are going after individual flexibilities and monetary rights undreamed of by our grandmas. The accentuation on excellence might be an approach to clutch a ladylike picture while shedding female jobs. Allure is essential for womanliness yet not for manliness (Freedman, 1986). The word magnificence consistently alludes to the female body. Appealing male bodies are depicted as â€Å"handsome,† a word got from â€Å"hand† that alludes as a lot to activity as appearance (Freedman, 1986). Characteristics of achieveâ ­ment and quality go with the term attractive, such properties are once in a while utilized in the portrayal of appealing ladies and unquestionably don't accomâ ­pany the term excellence, which alludes just to an improving quality. Men are instruâ ­mental, ladies are elaborate. Excellence is a most subtle product. Thoughts of what is lovely differ across societies and change ... .... Diary of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 129-38. Stoffel, Jennifer. (1989, November 26). What’s new in weight control: A market mushrooms as inspirations change. New York Times, p. C17. Thompson, J. Kevin. (1986, April). Overwhelming. Brain science Today, pp. 41-44. Walker, Alice. (1990). Magnificence: When the other artist is oneself. In Evelyn C. White (Ed.), The dark women’s wellbeing book: Speaking for ourselves (pp. 280-87). Seattle: Seal Press. Walster, Elaine, Aronson, Vera, Abrahams, Darcy, and Rottman, Leon. (1966). Significance of physical engaging quality in dating conduct. Diary of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 508-16. Wernick, Mark, and Manaster, Guy J. (1984). Age and the view old enough and appeal. Gerontologist, 24, 408-14. Williams, Juanita H. (1985). Brain science of ladies: Behavior in a biosocial setting. New York: Norton.

Problem Solving with Mind Maps (Tutorial) - Focus

Problem Solving with Mind Maps (Tutorial) - Focus Problems are an inseparable aspect of our lives and business relations. If you want to start a business, you’ll inevitably run into several complex problems, such as:  How do you found a profitable company, how do you make it stand out among the competition, how do you attract more customers, and how do you maintain and boost its reputation? In this article well provide you with a step-by-step guide to problem solving with mind maps, a simple but powerful technique thats already used by millions of entrepreneurs and other professionals across the globe. Problem Solving with Mind Maps a Step-by-Step Guide for Entrepreneurs Einstein nailed the definition of problem solving. He said, “The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill.” A confident problem solver understands the problem, defines  its various aspects, generates ideas  and is able to turn those ideas  into a solution. Mind mapping  is a proven method that helps people surpass the initial chaos that occurs in the mind when the problem arises. Visualizing  your goals, problems, ideas and potential action points  in a  mind map can  help you see the bigger picture and make out connections between individual aspects that you might have missed otherwise. Seeing your  whole business model  mapped out like this also  helps  your brain form new ideas through association, and it is those ideas that path the way to the solution of your problem. To  illustrate the effectiveness of problem solving with mind maps, well use a simple example of a young entrepreneur who wants to start their own dog walking business. Following this step-by-step guide, youll be able to  visualize even complex problems and develop actionable solutions for them. Start with the Goals, then Formulate the Problems Remember Einsteins quote? We have to understand the problem before we can think of finding solutions. That’s the step you start with. Step 1: Choose your preferred mind-mapping software and open a blank mind map. Write your business idea in the center of the map and create a branch for your business goals. Create a new topic for each individual goal. The  founder of our dog walking business has two main goals: staying in profit during all seasons  while keeping dog walking rates low in order to stay competitive. Unfortunately, the  distance between pick-up points and dog parks is so great that all dog walkers  will need cars to get around. This in turn creates three major problems: Some employees dont have  driving licenses; there are not enough vehicles for all employees; and having each dog walker drive back and forth between pick-ups and parks will lead to enormous  gas expenses. Step 2: Create a second branch for your problems and write them down individually. Brainstorming  Ideas to Find Solutions Once you have the goals and problems visualized in your  mind map, it will be easier for you to get ideas on possible solutions. Take each problem and simply write down whatever solution comes to your mind. Don’t worry if some of your ideas are far fetched or even impossible the goal is to get your creative juices flowing.  Ideas that turn out to be unfeasible can simply be deleted from the map when your brainstorming session is over. Step 3: Take the first problem on your list and start brainstorming possible solutions. Dont censor yourself at first, just write down what comes to mind. Focus on this particular problem only, if you try to solve all problems at once youll simply get overwhelmed. For the  problem “not enough vehicles for all employees”, our entrepreneur soon realizes that there is actually a very simple solution: dog walkers who work in the same area can share a car. He creates a third branch in the mind map for Solutions and draws a line to connect the  problem with its respective  solution. Suddenly, our entrepreneur sees that  this idea will actually help with those big gas expenses too, so he connects it with this problem through another line. And what about the third problem? If employees share cars, only a few of them will need driving licenses, so this is another issue he can check off the list. Three birds, one stone. At this point, our entrepreneur realizes that letting dog walkers use regular cars will not work if multiple people and dogs have to be transported at the same time. To have enough space for everyone, he will need to purchase a few big vans for his business. This is big investment at first, but its one that will pay off in the long run. And with this, he has found his first action point. Lets revisit our goals: By having the dog walkers share vans the entrepreneur is able to keep costs low and thus offer similarly low rates to his customers. In order to build a large customer base and stay in business during all seasons, the entrepreneur can add additional action items such as Create a strong marketing strategy and related points such as  Create social media profiles, Learn how to maintain a successful blog and so on. Step 4: Outline clear action points based on the solutions you have developed. Just like the entrepreneur in this example, you can benefit greatly from creating a mind map to visualize your business and find solutions to whatever problems stand between you and your goals. Extra Tips on Problem Solving with Mind Maps You can share your mind map with your business partners or team members to collaborate on it and brainstorm solutions together. Such virtual brainstorming sessions have been shown to be highly effective compared to traditional, in-person sessions. MindMeister allows you to add due dates to the action points in your mind map, or even turn them into full-fledged tasks. As soon as  youre finished mapping out your business plan, you can export those tasks to a project board and start getting productive. Don’t forget to update the mind map with new ideas, problems, and possible solutions as you make progress with the actions. The best aspect of online mind mapping is its flexibility; you can always add new points and get rid of the ones you no longer need. Remember: every problem has a solution. Life would be so boring without the problem-solving challenges we face every single day. Thanks to mind maps, that aspect of our daily routine becomes much easier. This is a guest post by Laura Jonson. Laura is a creative freelance writer. Her interests are writing, art, self-development and modern technologies. Shes currently working on her own blog. And the world will see it soon. Problem Solving with Mind Maps (Tutorial) - Focus Problems are an inseparable aspect of our lives and business relations. If you want to start a business, you’ll inevitably run into several complex problems, such as:  How do you found a profitable company, how do you make it stand out among the competition, how do you attract more customers, and how do you maintain and boost its reputation? In this article well provide you with a step-by-step guide to problem solving with mind maps, a simple but powerful technique thats already used by millions of entrepreneurs and other professionals across the globe. Problem Solving with Mind Maps a Step-by-Step Guide for Entrepreneurs Einstein nailed the definition of problem solving. He said, “The formulation of the problem is often more essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill.” A confident problem solver understands the problem, defines  its various aspects, generates ideas  and is able to turn those ideas  into a solution. Mind mapping  is a proven method that helps people surpass the initial chaos that occurs in the mind when the problem arises. Visualizing  your goals, problems, ideas and potential action points  in a  mind map can  help you see the bigger picture and make out connections between individual aspects that you might have missed otherwise. Seeing your  whole business model  mapped out like this also  helps  your brain form new ideas through association, and it is those ideas that path the way to the solution of your problem. To  illustrate the effectiveness of problem solving with mind maps, well use a simple example of a young entrepreneur who wants to start their own dog walking business. Following this step-by-step guide, youll be able to  visualize even complex problems and develop actionable solutions for them. Start with the Goals, then Formulate the Problems Remember Einsteins quote? We have to understand the problem before we can think of finding solutions. That’s the step you start with. Step 1: Choose your preferred mind-mapping software and open a blank mind map. Write your business idea in the center of the map and create a branch for your business goals. Create a new topic for each individual goal. The  founder of our dog walking business has two main goals: staying in profit during all seasons  while keeping dog walking rates low in order to stay competitive. Unfortunately, the  distance between pick-up points and dog parks is so great that all dog walkers  will need cars to get around. This in turn creates three major problems: Some employees dont have  driving licenses; there are not enough vehicles for all employees; and having each dog walker drive back and forth between pick-ups and parks will lead to enormous  gas expenses. Step 2: Create a second branch for your problems and write them down individually. Brainstorming  Ideas to Find Solutions Once you have the goals and problems visualized in your  mind map, it will be easier for you to get ideas on possible solutions. Take each problem and simply write down whatever solution comes to your mind. Don’t worry if some of your ideas are far fetched or even impossible the goal is to get your creative juices flowing.  Ideas that turn out to be unfeasible can simply be deleted from the map when your brainstorming session is over. Step 3: Take the first problem on your list and start brainstorming possible solutions. Dont censor yourself at first, just write down what comes to mind. Focus on this particular problem only, if you try to solve all problems at once youll simply get overwhelmed. For the  problem “not enough vehicles for all employees”, our entrepreneur soon realizes that there is actually a very simple solution: dog walkers who work in the same area can share a car. He creates a third branch in the mind map for Solutions and draws a line to connect the  problem with its respective  solution. Suddenly, our entrepreneur sees that  this idea will actually help with those big gas expenses too, so he connects it with this problem through another line. And what about the third problem? If employees share cars, only a few of them will need driving licenses, so this is another issue he can check off the list. Three birds, one stone. At this point, our entrepreneur realizes that letting dog walkers use regular cars will not work if multiple people and dogs have to be transported at the same time. To have enough space for everyone, he will need to purchase a few big vans for his business. This is big investment at first, but its one that will pay off in the long run. And with this, he has found his first action point. Lets revisit our goals: By having the dog walkers share vans the entrepreneur is able to keep costs low and thus offer similarly low rates to his customers. In order to build a large customer base and stay in business during all seasons, the entrepreneur can add additional action items such as Create a strong marketing strategy and related points such as  Create social media profiles, Learn how to maintain a successful blog and so on. Step 4: Outline clear action points based on the solutions you have developed. Just like the entrepreneur in this example, you can benefit greatly from creating a mind map to visualize your business and find solutions to whatever problems stand between you and your goals. Extra Tips on Problem Solving with Mind Maps You can share your mind map with your business partners or team members to collaborate on it and brainstorm solutions together. Such virtual brainstorming sessions have been shown to be highly effective compared to traditional, in-person sessions. MindMeister allows you to add due dates to the action points in your mind map, or even turn them into full-fledged tasks. As soon as  youre finished mapping out your business plan, you can export those tasks to a project board and start getting productive. Don’t forget to update the mind map with new ideas, problems, and possible solutions as you make progress with the actions. The best aspect of online mind mapping is its flexibility; you can always add new points and get rid of the ones you no longer need. Remember: every problem has a solution. Life would be so boring without the problem-solving challenges we face every single day. Thanks to mind maps, that aspect of our daily routine becomes much easier. This is a guest post by Laura Jonson. Laura is a creative freelance writer. Her interests are writing, art, self-development and modern technologies. Shes currently working on her own blog. And the world will see it soon.

Rigoletto Classical Concert Report - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1563 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Art Essay Level High school Tags: Concert Review Did you like this example? The performance I chose to view was Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi. This Opera was televised version of Verdis Rigoletto. Rigoletto was originally written in 1851. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rigoletto: Classical Concert Report" essay for you Create order This opera was Italian and premiered on March 11, 1851 at Teatro La Fenice, Venice. This is a very well-known opera house for Italian theatre. The Librettist, or writer of this piece was Francesco Maria Piave. This televised, somewhat modern version of Rigoletto was, for the most part, accurate. The story tells of a daughter named Gilda, who falls in love with the Duke. Gilda ends up sacrificing her life at the end, leaving a peculiar twist for her father. This film was portrayed accurately, and had the key components, such as, complex characters and effective portrayal of emotions. These are both key components of Romantic era music. The era this piece was written in was the Romantic era. During the Romantic era, it was very common to have operas that have powerful emotions and told complex stories about complex characters. In this opera, nearly every character has a complex personality. I found myself during the film conflicted with whos side I was on. Rigoletto didnt always make the best decisions morally, but it was hard to not feel empathetic towards him. This can go along with the other characters too like Gilda and Sparafucile. Based primarily from my listening, the film seemed to match up with the original opera fairly well. The story conveyed the correct emotions, and the music was, for the most part, portrayed well with the characters. During this film I found myself engulfed in emotions. I think this was one of the primary intents of the piece, since it was a major characteristic for the Romantic Era. Composers like Verdi caught the attention of the audience, with drastic shifts in emotion, and sporadic plot development. An example of this is at the end, when the twist is revealed that Rigoletto is not dumping the body he thinks he is, where it is in fact his daughter. There were many pieces involved in the film Rigoletto. This is because the emotion and plot twists needed to be reinforced. The pieces implemented into this film give it a more powerful meaning and engulfs the viewer into the scenes. Based off of the YouTube description, I found the pieces that were used during the film. The first was Questo o quella per mi pari sono from Act I of Rigoletto. This is played based off of the original by Verdi, and the artist was Emerson Buckley. The second song in the film was Rigoletto, the artists of this piece in the film were: Orquesta del Teatro Metropolitan de New York, Coro del Teatro Metropolitan de New York, Gennaro Papi. The next Song was Rigoletto, Act I: Pari siamo!, whereas this one, according to the description of the film, was performed by Various Artists. I do think having access to a live performance would have definitely given me the resources to see who performed this song, but in the YouTube film review case, it does not. The next p iece in the film was Act II: Ah! veglia, o donna. The Artists of this piece were: Jonel Perlea, Robert Merrill, Roberta Peters, Jussi Bjoerling, and Giorgio Tozzi. The next song listed for the film was: Signor n principeTamo! Tamo, ripetilo, whichu was performed by Eva Lind, Francisco Araiza, Opera Orchestra Zurich, and Ralf Weikert. Another song in the film was ELLA MI FU RAPITAPARMI VEDER LE LAGRIME, which was performed by the famous Luciano Pavorotti. Another piece in the film was Cortigiani, vil razza dannata, the artists being: Ingvar Wixell, Staatskapelle Dresden, Silvio Varviso. Tutte le feste al tempioPiangi, fanciulla was another piece in the film, by Renato Bruson. Last but not least was La Donna Mobile another piece by Pavarotti. Although this may seem like a big mess of pieces, it was necessary to support the two-hour Rigoletto. All of these components of Rigolletto were written for key scenes that were portrayed in the film. For example, Rigoletto, Act I: Pari siamo! Is intended to convey S parafucile with his dagger in a grand room within the palace of the Duke of Mantua. This example shows how the rest of the pieces were needed to convey the original meaning of the opera. The performance itself was very entertaining, and I think overall it was very well done. I noticed the quality of the music was exceptional, which leads me to believe the conductor did a very good job. I do think that some of the pieces intended timing/scenery was manipulated in the movie, which may have portrayed a slightly different story than the original Rigoletto was intended to have. The music itself was played very well, and although I think the story was changed, it was very well done. This film was made in 1982, which is not that long ago when talking about music. The YouTube video was also not very high quality, which was expected since it is a film for the 80s and is a link to watch the movie for free. I do think watching this performance online somewhat made the opera experience less exciting. Although this entirely my fault for not attending a concert, I think seeing the opera in person would have been more intriguing, and the musical sound would have been true. With tha t being said the performance was still very positive overall. Since this was a Romantic Era opera, the emotions really stood out to me. As I mentioned earlier, the emotions you feel towards each character is complex and twisted. At one point I Found myself looking at Sparafucile in a negative way, but at times it showed that he was not completely antagonistic. Gilda is a very intriguing character that captures your attention, but her actions seemed to impact me as the viewer more than I wouldve thought. I think this all ties into what an opera is essentially about, especially a Romantic Era opera. It was intended to leave the audience puzzled and full of complex emotions, since this was one of the Romantic eras core values. One of my favorite examples of this was around 1:49:40, where Rigoletto is given the body down the hatch into the boat. He is convinced it is anyone but his daughter, but then as he reveals whom the dying person is, it is his daughter. HE shouts My Daughter!O god!My daughter! The music during this part is essential to graspi ng the emotions he was feeling. The high intensity music portrays that feeling of adrenaline, which the words accurately depict. It was moments like this during the performance that made it a very good performance. Where the story is portrayed how it was intended by Verdi. I think overall my rating of the film was an 8/10, mainly because reading the sub titles did get old. None the less I enjoyed the film, and I was happy it was portrayed accurately, and the music was played well. In conclusion, the opera Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi was portrayed very well in this 1982 film. It gave me a modern visual of the opera. I think the story was very captivating and the pieces all factored into the emotions within the film. Without these key musical pieces in the film, it would not have resembled the opera as it should have. During this film I found myself engulfed in emotions. I think this was one of the primary intents of the piece, since it was a major characteristic for the Romantic Era. The Romantic era was full of composers who made operas with tons of emotion and complex characters. This is definitely resembled through the performance I watched. At first you find yourself hating one character, but then they grow on you. I also found myself seeing characters make decisions or choices that I know are morally incorrect, yet I still support them. Verdi did a great job on the concept of Rigoletto, it was a story unlike any other Ive seen in modern day movies. It was intriguing to see how this time period influence modern day music and even films. Although this is somewhat unrelated, I wanted to point out how music and sounds are used in movies to depict emotions. I read an article recently on how they fabricate noises for movies, such as horse hoofs or water sounds. Although these are unnatural, they are all essential to portraying the scene and emotions in that part. This reminded me of how the music supports the story in Rigoletto. All of the artists that performed the music for the movie did so very well. The sounds were great, which I expected for a popular movie. I was not disappointed in my choice of Rigoletto, since it was so easy to watch (besides reading subtitles)! I do regret not seeing a concert in person, since I think the musical sound would portray even more emotion to the audience, something a Romantic Era composer would definitely want. Overall, I think the film was very well made, and accurately portrayed Verdis original Rigol etto. Works Cited Cantoni, Linda, and Betsy Schwarm. Rigoletto. Encyclop? ¦dia Britannica, Encyclop? ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 12 Oct. 2014, www.britannica.com/topic/Rigoletto. classicalman. Giuseppe Verdi Rigoletto Pavarotti, Gruberova, Wixell Chailly. YouTube, YouTube, 16 Apr. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYDI6MWkCW8.

Don Giovanni - Mozarts Ideal Opera for Staging in European Theaters Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Works done by Mozart included the playing of a piano because Mozart was a renowned pianist. A Mozart piano uses rapid alternating notes in the right hand to stimulate orchestral string tremolos. Mozart also acquired some valuable music styles from London and Vienna. It should be noted, that Mozart was talented and was eagerly interested in performing operas. He had performed his first opera at the age of twelve. Mozart was appointed as an unpaid third concertmaster at Archbishop Colloredo s court in Salzburg. At the Archbishop Colloredo s court, Mozart was charged with the duty of composing church music. This would not enable Mozart to achieve the expected heights in his music career. Later, Mozart sought a position elsewhere because he was much interested in opera and instrumental music, and not composing church music, where he could not prosper. As a result, Mozart decided to leave Salzburg. When he could not find an opportunity elsewhere, he returned to Salzburg. Mozart wrote an opera seria for Munich. Later, while still working at the archbishop s court, working as a church music composer, Mozart declined being treated as a servant in the archbishop s court and left the place, against his father s advice. We will write a custom essay sample on Don Giovanni - Mozart's Ideal Opera for Staging in European Theaters or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Mozart trained pupils who hailed from various family backgrounds to play the piano. He also made them pay by the month so that he could not lose the money when they skipped lessons. During this time, Mozart performed both in public and private concerts and took part in training people to play piano, as well.

Digital Fortress Chapter 7 Free Essays

Susan’s mind was racing-Ensei Tankado wrote a program that creates unbreakable codes! She could barely grasp the thought. â€Å"Digital Fortress,† Strathmore said. â€Å"That’s what he’s calling it. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s the ultimate counterintelligence weapon. If this program hits the market, every third grader with a modem will be able to send codes the NSA can’t break. Our intelligence will be shot.† But Susan’s thoughts were far removed from the political implications of Digital Fortress. She was still struggling to comprehend its existence. She’d spent her life breaking codes, firmly denying the existence of the ultimate code. Every code is breakable-the Bergofsky Principle! She felt like an atheist coming face to face with God. â€Å"If this code gets out,† she whispered, â€Å"cryptography will become a dead science.† Strathmore nodded. â€Å"That’s the least of our problems.† â€Å"Can we pay Tankado off? I know he hates us, but can’t we offer him a few million dollars? Convince him not to distribute?† Strathmore laughed. â€Å"A few million? Do you know what this thing is worth? Every government in the world will bid top dollar. Can you imagine telling the President that we’re still cable-snooping the Iraqis but we can’t read the intercepts anymore? This isn’t just about the NSA, it’s about the entire intelligence community. This facility provides support for everyone-the FBI, CIA, DEA; they’d all be flying blind. The drug cartels’ shipments would become untraceable, major corporations could transfer money with no paper trail and leave the IRS out in the cold, terrorists could chat in total secrecy-it would be chaos.† â€Å"The EFF will have field day,† Susan said, pale. â€Å"The EFF doesn’t have the first clue about what we do here,† Strathmore railed in disgust. â€Å"If they knew how many terrorist attacks we’ve stopped because we can decrypt codes, they’d change their tune.† Susan agreed, but she also knew the realities; the EFF would never know how important TRANSLTR was. TRANSLTR had helped foil dozens of attacks, but the information was highly classified and would never be released. The rationale behind the secrecy was simple: The government could not afford the mass hysteria caused by revealing the truth; no one knew how the public would react to the news that there had been two nuclear close calls by fundamentalist groups on U.S. soil in the last year. Nuclear attack, however, was not the only threat. Only last month TRANSLTR had thwarted one of the most ingeniously conceived terrorist attacks the NSA had ever witnessed. An anti-government organization had devised a plan, code-named Sherwood Forest. It targeted the New York Stock Exchange with the intention of â€Å"redistributing the wealth.† Over the course of six days, members of the group placed twenty-seven nonexplosive flux pods in the buildings surrounding the Exchange. These devices, when detonated, create a powerful blast of magnetism. The simultaneous discharge of these carefully placed pods would create a magnetic field so powerful that all magnetic media in the Stock Exchange would be erased-computer hard drives, massive ROM storage banks, tape backups, and even floppy disks. All records of who owned what would disintegrate permanently. Because pinpoint timing was necessary for simultaneous detonation of the devices, the flux pods were interconnected over Internet telephone lines. During the two-day countdown, the pods’ internal clocks exchanged endless streams of encrypted synchronization data. The NSA intercepted the data-pulses as a network anomaly but ignored them as a seemingly harmless exchange of gibberish. But after TRANSLTR decrypted the data streams, analysts immediately recognized the sequence as a network-synchronized countdown. The pods were located and removed a full three hours before they were scheduled to go off. Susan knew that without TRANSLTR the NSA was helpless against advanced electronic terrorism. She eyed the Run-Monitor. It still read over fifteen hours. Even if Tankado’s file broke right now, the NSA was sunk. Crypto would be relegated to breaking less than two codes a day. Even at the present rate of 150 a day, there was still a backlog of files awaiting decryption. â€Å"Tankado called me last month,† Strathmore said, interrupting Susan’s thoughts. Susan looked up. â€Å"Tankado called you?† He nodded. â€Å"To warn me.† â€Å"Warn you? He hates you.† â€Å"He called to tell me he was perfecting an algorithm that wrote unbreakable codes. I didn’t believe him.† â€Å"But why would he tell you about it?† Susan demanded. â€Å"Did he want you to buy it?† â€Å"No. It was blackmail.† Things suddenly began falling into place for Susan. â€Å"Of course,† she said, amazed. â€Å"He wanted you to clear his name.† â€Å"No,† Strathmore frowned. â€Å"Tankado wanted TRANSLTR.† â€Å"TRANSLTR?† â€Å"Yes. He ordered me to go public and tell the world we have TRANSLTR. He said if we admitted we can read public E-mail, he would destroy Digital Fortress.† Susan looked doubtful. Strathmore shrugged. â€Å"Either way, it’s too late now. He’s posted a complimentary copy of Digital Fortress at his Internet site. Everyone in the world can download it.† Susan went white. â€Å"He what!† â€Å"It’s a publicity stunt. Nothing to worry about. The copy he posted is encrypted. People can download it, but nobody can open it. It’s ingenious, really. The source code for Digital Fortress has been encrypted, locked shut.† Susan looked amazed. â€Å"Of course! So everybody can have a copy, but nobody can open it.† â€Å"Exactly. Tankado’s dangling a carrot.† â€Å"Have you seen the algorithm?† The commander looked puzzled. â€Å"No, I told you it’s encrypted.† Susan looked equally puzzled. â€Å"But we’ve got TRANSLTR; why not just decrypt it?† But when Susan saw Strathmore’s face, she realized the rules had changed. â€Å"Oh my God.† She gasped, suddenly understanding. â€Å"Digital Fortress is encrypted with itself?† Strathmore nodded. â€Å"Bingo.† Susan was amazed. The formula for Digital Fortress had been encrypted using Digital Fortress. Tankado had posted a priceless mathematical recipe, but the text of the recipe had been scrambled. And it had used itself to do the scrambling. â€Å"It’s Biggleman’s Safe,† Susan stammered in awe. Strathmore nodded. Biggleman’s Safe was a hypothetical cryptography scenario in which a safe builder wrote blueprints for an unbreakable safe. He wanted to keep the blueprints a secret, so he built the safe and locked the blueprints inside. Tankado had done the same thing with Digital Fortress. He’d protected his blueprints by encrypting them with the formula outlined in his blueprints. â€Å"And the file in TRANSLTR?† Susan asked. â€Å"I downloaded it from Tankado’s Internet site like everyone else. The NSA is now the proud owner of the Digital Fortress algorithm; we just can’t open it.† Susan marveled at Ensei Tankado’s ingenuity. Without revealing his algorithm, he had proven to the NSA that it was unbreakable. Strathmore handed her a newspaper clipping. It was a translated blurb from the Nikkei Shimbun, the Japanese equivalent of the Wall Street Journal, stating that the Japanese programmer Ensei Tankado had completed a mathematical formula he claimed could write unbreakable codes. The formula was called Digital Fortress and was available for review on the Internet. The programmer would be auctioning it off to the highest bidder. The column went on to say that although there was enormous interest in Japan, the few U.S. software companies who had heard about Digital Fortress deemed the claim preposterous, akin to turning lead to gold. The formula, they said, was a hoax and not to be taken seriously. Susan looked up. â€Å"An auction?† Strathmore nodded. â€Å"Right now every software company in Japan has downloaded an encrypted copy of Digital Fortress and is trying to crack it open. Every second they can’t, the bidding price climbs.† â€Å"That’s absurd,† Susan shot back. â€Å"All the new encrypted files are uncrackable unless you have TRANSLTR. Digital Fortress could be nothing more than a generic, public-domain algorithm, and none of these companies could break it.† â€Å"But it’s a brilliant marketing ploy,† Strathmore said. â€Å"Think about it-all brands of bulletproof glass stop bullets, but if a company dares you to put a bullet through theirs, suddenly everybody’s trying.† â€Å"And the Japanese actually believe Digital Fortress is different? Better than everything else on the market?† â€Å"Tankado may have been shunned, but everybody knows he’s a genius. He’s practically a cult icon among hackers. If Tankado says the algorithm’s unbreakable, it’s unbreakable.† But they’re all unbreakable as far as the public knows!† â€Å"Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Strathmore mused. â€Å"For the moment.† â€Å"What’s that supposed to mean?† Strathmore sighed. â€Å"Twenty years ago no one imagined we’d be breaking twelve-bit stream ciphers. But technology progressed. It always does. Software manufacturers assume at some point computers like TRANSLTR will exist. Technology is progressing exponentially, and eventually current public-key algorithms will lose their security. Better algorithms will be needed to stay ahead of tomorrow’s computers.† â€Å"And Digital Fortress is it?† â€Å"Exactly. An algorithm that resists brute force will never become obsolete, no matter how powerful code-breaking computers get. It could become a world standard overnight.† Susan pulled in a long breath. â€Å"God help us,† she whispered. â€Å"Can we make a bid?† Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"Tankado gave us our chance. He made that clear. It’s too risky anyway; if we get caught, we’re basically admitting that we’re afraid of his algorithm. We’d be making a public confession not only that we have TRANSLTR but that Digital Fortress is immune.† â€Å"What’s the time frame?† Strathmore frowned. â€Å"Tankado planned to announce the highest bidder tomorrow at noon.† Susan felt her stomach tighten. â€Å"Then what?† â€Å"The arrangement was that he would give the winner the pass-key.† â€Å"The pass-key?† â€Å"Part of the ploy. Everybody’s already got the algorithm, so Tankado’s auctioning off the pass-key that unlocks it.† Susan groaned. â€Å"Of course.† It was perfect. Clean and simple. Tankado had encrypted Digital Fortress, and he alone held the pass-key that unlocked it. She found it hard to fathom that somewhere out there-probably scrawled on a piece of paper in Tankado’s pocket-there was a sixty-four-character pass-key that could end U.S. intelligence gathering forever. Susan suddenly felt ill as she imagined the scenario. Tankado would give his pass-key to the highest bidder, and that company would unlock the Digital Fortress file. Then it probably would embed the algorithm in a tamper-proof chip, and within five years every computer would come preloaded with a Digital Fortress chip. No commercial manufacturer had ever dreamed of creating an encryption chip because normal encryption algorithms eventually become obsolete. But Digital Fortress would never become obsolete; with a rotating cleartext function, no brute-force attack would ever find the right key. A new digital encryption standard. From now until forever. Every code unbreakable. Bankers, brokers, terrorists, spies. One world-one algorithm. Anarchy. â€Å"What are the options?† Susan probed. She was well aware that desperate times called for desperate measures, even at the NSA. â€Å"We can’t remove him, if that’s what you’re asking.† It was exactly what Susan was asking. In her years with the NSA, Susan had heard rumors of its loose affiliations with the most skilled assassins in the world-hired hands brought in to do the intelligence community’s dirty work. Strathmore shook his head. â€Å"Tankado’s too smart to leave us an option like that.† Susan felt oddly relieved. â€Å"He’s protected?† â€Å"Not exactly.† â€Å"In hiding?† Strathmore shrugged. â€Å"Tankado left Japan. He planned to check his bids by phone. But we know where he is.† â€Å"And you don’t plan to make a move?† â€Å"No. He’s got insurance. Tankado gave a copy of his pass-key to an anonymous third party†¦ in case anything happened.† Of course, Susan marveled. A guardian angel. â€Å"And I suppose if anything happens to Tankado, the mystery man sells the key?† â€Å"Worse. Anyone hits Tankado, and his partner publishes.† Susan looked confused. â€Å"His partner publishes the key?† Strathmore nodded. â€Å"Posts it on the Internet, puts it in newspapers, on billboards. In effect, he gives it away.† Susan’s eyes widened. â€Å"Free downloads?† â€Å"Exactly. Tankado figured if he was dead, he wouldn’t need the money-why not give the world a little farewell gift?† There was a long silence. Susan breathed deeply as if to absorb the terrifying truth. Ensei Tankado has created an unbreakable algorithm. He’s holding us hostage. She suddenly stood. Her voice was determined. â€Å"We must contact Tankado! There must be a way to convince him not to release! We can offer him triple the highest bid! We can clear his name! Anything!† â€Å"Too late,† Strathmore said. He took a deep breath. â€Å"Ensei Tankado was found dead this morning in Seville, Spain.† How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 7, Essay examples

Endangered Species Bengal Tiger Sample Essay Example For Students

Endangered Species: Bengal Tiger Sample Essay The common name for the species is Bengal Tiger and it belongs to the genus/species Panthera Tigris Tigris. The Bengal Tiger normally has a ruddy brown coat with narrow black. grey. or brown strips traveling in a perpendicular way accompanied by a pick or white underbelly. Although some have a mutant cistron which causes the skin colour to be white alternatively of the usual colour. Since the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams by and large hunt at twilight and morning. their chevrons at as a disguise in the tall grasses. They don’t have the capableness to trail quarry for long periods of clip and distances. It is the 2nd largest of all life tiger species. It can be up to 10 ft. for the male tiger and 9 ft. for the female. The male Bengal tiger can make a weight of up to 500 pounds. while the female tiger can make up to 300 pound. A tiger can devour up to 88 pound. of meat in one eating period. The tiger by and large has a life span enduring up to 15 old ages in the natural stat e. 16 to 18 in imprisonment. The Bengal tiger’s gestation period is normally 98-110 yearss and 2- 4 greenhorn is the mean litter. Male Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams don’t reach sexual adulthood until around 4-5 old ages and females reach adulthood at about 3-4 old ages of age. Hearing is their sharpest sense. about five times better than worlds. and their dark vision is about six times stronger than worlds. The loud boom of this tiger can be heard up to two stat mis off. Despite their awful repute. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams by and large avoid worlds ; although some can go barbarous cannibals. It can be found in a big assortment of home grounds some of which of the carnal include tropical jungles. coppice. marsh lands. and tall grasslands in countries of Bangladesh. Nepal. India. and Burma. Almost one tierce of the tiger’s population lives in India and Bangladesh. Bengal Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams have been a national symbol of many Empires in India. today it is the national animate being of India. India has two-third of the entire population of the tiger. They are carnivores and their diet normally consists of medium to big quarry ( such as hogs. American bison. and cervid ) . By the age of 2 to 3 old ages old. these Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams become to the full grown. Most Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams are lone animate beings. as Bengal Liberation Tiger s of Tamil Eelams are. and habitually do non populate in groups. Although the females can go with a group of immature. this includes about three to four Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. This species of tiger is considered endangered and has been since 2010 because of factors such as habitat loss and poaching. Their scope of home ground lessenings more and more each twelvemonth because of building for constructing new substructures to merely the glade of the lands where they roam. This causes them to travel about frequently making new versions but non positively impacting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams per say. Poaching is another large issue with these animate beings. Their tegument and other organic structure parts for traditional medical specialty and their fur receive high monetary values with poachers doing them to go hunted frequently for the interest of hard currency. Poachers kill for tiger tegument which can be used in bags and jackets for markets in the economic system. Poaching is by far the most important immediate menace to the being of wild tiger populations. Some civilizations have the belief that powdered tiger castanetss have medicative values . which is damaging for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams population. Tiger castanetss are used in traditional Chinese medical specialties as a musculus reinforcement and intervention for Rheumatism. .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .postImageUrl , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:hover , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:visited , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:active { border:0!important; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:active , .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u96362ba0c69fb3bf3be38e8d7b7db41a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cuba: Crimes Against Human Rights EssayLttes by and large need a big district to roll and without it Numberss dwindle greatly. Worlds are doing this species to go so scarce to the point of about extinction in the following 10 to twenty old ages. There less than 2. 500 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams left in the natural state which is a large bead from about 100. 000 a century ago. Another portion to the Bengal tiger’s hazard is due to the menace they pose on communities and their farm animal. Many worlds have the agencies to support themselves and normally don’t keep back on making so. therefore harming the tiger’s population even more. All of these are some of the many grounds for the tiger’s hazard but the chief issue is the habitat loss. Their forest lands are invariably being invaded by worlds from a roar in population and rapid urbanisation taking topographic point. The authorities in India started a preservation attempt in 1972 with Project Tiger. The Government in India has besides established 37 tiger militias and wildlife sanctuaries throughout 17 Indian provinces for the protection of the Bengal tiger. The WWF ( World Wildlife Foundation ) works with local spouses to assist beef up antipoaching Acts of the Apostless and decrease the menaces to their natural home grounds in India. Nepal. and Bhutan. WWF is besides seeking to halt illegal wildlife trade alongside TRAFFIC. the wildlife trading monitoring web ) to assist halt the trafficking of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams by back uping intelligence webs to halt tiger parts and merchandises from being smuggled into black markets in Asia. and besides by funding antipoaching patrols. South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network ( SAWEN ) is besides supported by WWF so the regional authoritiess can set their information and resources together. Such information includes early warning marks. puting in effectual statute law. and bettering enforcement of policies and Torahs. Inch 201 0. WWF helped back up a Nepal-India declaration to conserve biodiversity including the Bengal Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams. Another large portion in aid the Bengal tiger’s population is a undertaking started in 2000. called Tiger Canyons. which is a re-wilding attempt for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams that are in imprisonment. This undertaking attempts to develop. confined greenhorn how to stalk. Hunt. associate hunting with nutrient. and recover their predatory inherent aptitudes.

Hamada Essays - British Brands, Virgin Trains, Virgin Group, Train

Virgin Train Marketing Management Contents 1. Executive summary....3 2. virgin train introduction..3 3. The importance of marketing.3 4. Market research plan...4 5. Macro environment.5 5.1 The impact of politics in virgin railways.5 5.2 Envelopments of Economic.?.5 5.3 Social interaction with virgin trains.....5 5.4 The technological issue...6 5.5 The legal impact.6 5.6 Ecological..7 6. SWOT Analysis .7 7. Porters Competitive forces and generic strategies..9 8. Marketing mix11 8.1 Product. ..?.11 8.2 Price.?.12 8.3 places...?.12 8.4 Promotion....?.13. 8.5 People...14 8.6 Process.....14 8.7 Physical evidence .....15 9. Conclusion...15 10. Bibliography...16 1. Executive summary This assignment is written for subject of Managing Market, and the company chosen is virgin train. In this assignment I tried to show what are the company market strategic are, what are the current market planning and what is influence of decision making on companies macro environment recent year. In this assignment I will be discussing how virgin trains is use-marketing mix to get competitive advantage. How virgin train is reacting with other competitive aliens on there resent change on British railway. In this assignment, i will be doing SWOT analysis about virgin train. I will use Porters competitive forces and generic strategies, to analysis the market planning, how macro environment has influenced its decision-making, and what are the changes have come recently. 2. Virgin trains introduction Virgin train is United Kingdom?s one of main railways company. The company is franchise from March 1997till march 2012. Two-share holder owns the company; virgin management owned by Sir Richard Branson who owns majority of share 51% and another 49% by Stagecoach plc. They have their group of board of directors from both the side. The virgin train operates all major cities of the United Kingdom. The main services are London to West midlands, which mainly cover London to north of country such as Scotland, covered by all main cites in England to North Wales. Another major service is cross-country service, which operated longest distance in country, from the south and south west of England via midlands to north of England and Scotland. 3. Importance of marketing Marketing is THE KEY business function. Marketing is so basic it cannot ne considered a separate function it?s a key of any business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, and that main point view from any customer to any business. Many associations describe marketing on different way with same meaning such as, ?British Chartered Institute of marketing? defines it ?Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.? This is key factor where importance of marketing envelopment is really needed. In the business like Railway, marketing involvement is very important such as diverting the commuter from any other travel services to train travel. Where company has to compete with same capable railway company to stay on business with more profit margin and shares. As a group virgin train has very good market image to attract the people. Every product and the service of the company can be libelled as value for money, quality, innovation and a sense of competitive challenge. The company deliver a quality service by empowering their employees. 4. Market research plan For market planning virgin train has developed a research plan or information system, to what company need to do. 4.1 Marketing intelligence system This system will show all the external factor may or will be effect to run virgin train company business. This will also involve the though of external service users of company. 4.2 Market research system This involves all internal factor of the virgin train, and place them against the external from the marketing intelligence like SWOT analysis but this is continuous. 4.3 Analytical marketing system In this company has collected all the relevant data from above which can effects the business, such as customer feed back and planning solutions for that, with promotional plans. 5. Macro environment All the external environment forces which can affect any company how to operates but which are beyond its control, such as economic natural, governmental, or cultural. The macro environment has very big impact on virgin railway. Its one of the national business, and involvement of railway is every where in country on this I have gathered some information from different sources which will justify how the influenced of macro environment in virgin trains marketing decision making. On macro environment I will be assessing the virgin

Sweet Sixteen essays

Sweet Sixteen essays Sweet Sixteen Directed by Ken Loach There is a strong sense of documentary about Sweet Sixteen. You cant help feeling that what youre watching being played out on screen is simultaneously being played out on thousands of council estates throughout the country. The films director Ken Loach has provided a forum for the issues of social and economic poverty before. His approach in this film is neither ground-breaking nor innovative, but what he does achieve in Sweet Sixteen is something far greater. He actually makes us care. Many, indeed most, may be bored with the issue but the characters surpass the cliche and hold the attention of the audience. They are the everyday Joes of societies underclass, as recognisable off screen as on. Fortunately, however, they exist not just as symbolic but as well-rounded 3-dimensional characters. Society may well have created thousands upon thousands of Liams but we want this one to be different. The dreary urbanised setting of a Scottish council estate and the indistinguishable Greenock brogue serve to localise concepts that are essentially universal. The perpetuation of the social cycle is at the heart of the underlying social commentary we have come to expect from Loach. Remaining true to the form of his previous films Loach with his screenwriter Paul Laverty confront the issue at hand with a gritty realism, void of the patronising sympathies that often come hand in hand with a film of this nature. A great strength in Sweet Sixteen is the performance of non-actor Martin Compston as Liam. Compston shows great promise as the films pathetic hero, capturing with great sensitivity the intelligence and affection which endear us to the otherwise hopeless character. The continual frustration of Liams dreams is at times heart-rendering. Liam turns to crime becau...

Myths of hair loss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Myths of hair loss - Essay Example These commotion myths add to the anxiety of individuals, if not to the hair loss itself. Most people think that their hair loss may be as a result of wearing hats, caps, or helmets. This group mostly refers to athletes and construction workers. They trust that wearing hats, caps and helmets triggers a straining effect on the hair follicles; thus causing the hair to fall out. But then again this is not true as no harm is caused by the hair follicles, unless the hat, cap, or helmet is very tight putting additional tension on the hair. However, filthy hats, caps, or helmets can bring about scalp infection, which may lead to hair loss. Secondly, other people claim that their hair loss is a result of a rubbing act that their mothers or guardians performed on their heads with black tar soap. This is nothing but a mere misconception and not true at all. Another myth is that hair loss is inherited from the mother’s section of the family. This myth is not true at all. This is uttered b y individuals as the primary baldness gene is found on the X chromosome, which individuals get from their mothers. In addition, from biology lessons, we learn that an offspring inherits the genes from both parents. Obviously, there is a dominant and recessive gene, but the case does not mean that the gene from the mother is always dominant. Although the mothers’ side is more dominant, baldness is not always the case in most individuals as other factors also contribute to balding.

International criminal matters, policies, regulations, standards, Essay

International criminal matters, policies, regulations, standards, - Essay Example orism by the international community was in the year 1937 when the then League of Nations adopted the conventional for Prevention and Punishment of terrorism. Even after the League was abolished, the newly formulated United Nations or the UN adopted several resolutions to strengthen its member nations with more powerful international laws to tackle terrorism in an efficient and jut manner. The terrorism prevention branch of the United Nations office on Drugs and Crime, as mandated by the General Assembly of the UN, provides assistance to requesting countries in legal and related aspects of counter terrorism, especially for the purpose of implementing the International Law which could strengthen their national criminal justice system and to apply the provisions in compliance with the law. The UN has tried to simplify the process for understanding the law and its provisions for its member nations by developing certain tools like manuals for this purpose. These tools are also very helpful for legal practitioners to fight legal cases against global terrorism in an efficient manner. As per UN plans to counter global terrorism, all member nations have resolved to fully co-operate in the fight against terrorism which is in accordance with their obligations under international law. As per the law all member nations are required to find, deny safe havens, extradite or prosecute any person who supports, facilitates, participates or attempt to participates in financing, planning, participating or perpetration of terrorist activities. Member states are required to ensure extraditions of perpetrators of terrorist activities in accordance with the rule of international law. The security council of UN has adopted several resolutions regarding the fight against terrorism. One of the most important resolutions is resolution number 1373 (Bianchi 86) which was adopted after the unfortunate terrorist attack on USA on September 11, 2001. This resolution clearly states that

Democracy According To Karl Popper

Democracy According To Karl Popper Karl Popper (1902-1994) was one of the most provocative philosophers and thinkers of the twentieth century. Born in Vienna, he grew up in a city witnessing great intellectual ferment and cultural excitement. One of his most celebrated and well-known books, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, appeared in Germany in 1934; it marked Poppers decisive break with the philosophers who formed the prestigious Vienna Circle and exposed many of his most influential arguments and ideas, above all we should remember his theory on the growth of scientific knowledge. On the eve of World War Two, Poppers life took a dramatic turn: because of the threat of German invasion, in 1937 he was urged to leave his own country and he emigrated to New Zealand where, reflecting on the tyranny that was sweeping around Europe, he wrote The Open Society and Its Enemies, published in 1945. This work is undeniably a classic, Karl Popper decided to write it in March 1938, when the Nazis invaded Austria. This personal background says a lot about Poppers motivation for writing The Open Society, and about its main theme as well. In this book as well as in The Poverty of Historicism, he attacks totalitarianism and its intellectual supports: the attempt to impose a large-scale planning on the lives of human beings in the light of holistic and historicist considerations. In order to analyze Poppers idea of democracy we shall sets out key tenets of his social and political thought, as well as a few of problems with them. The paper will try to underline Poppers conception of human nature and show how this provides a framework for his theory of history, his critique of historicism and his conception of the open society and democracy. After considering Poppers central political values of freedom and reason, well go through the political programmes of democracy and piecemeal social engineering; after these considerations it will be possible to conclude that Popper can not sustain an exhaustive anti-dogmatism and, contrary to the philosphers own declaration, his political ideas can not be classified as liberal in any honest way. Historical and Intellectual Background Even if Popper rejected Marxism in 1919, he claimed to be a socialist till 1932; it was the socialistic ethic and its idea of justice to which he retained adherence, not its political strategies. Awareness of the growth of authoritarianism in the Soviet Union and what he saw as deficiencies in the Marxist theory and practice of Austrian social democracy pressed him to revise further his political views. Both the idea and the experience of violence were catalytic. Social democracy, by holding to their threat of achieving their objectives by violent means, were implicitly provoking state authorities to a ruthless response, Popper then adopted a more traditional, liberal political stance: deciding that freedom was more important than equality he reaffirmed his rejection of violence. The central core of Poppers social and political theory resides in The Poverty of Historicism and The Open Society and Its Enemies, regarded by the author as his war effort: they were intended as a defense of freedom against the obvious impulse towards totalitarianism and authoritarianism. Poppers further espousal of the values of reason, toleration, peaceful discussion and respect for the individual all find their predecessors in Kants moral and political philosophy. The Austrian thinker extends Kants ethical precept of criticism and self-criticism providing a foundation for his philosophy of critical rationalism and joins Kants optimistic idea and hope in the possibility of obtaining social reform and peaceful relations within and between nations. Human Nature To explain human behaviour and history Popper refuses the utility of a general theory of human nature; his conception of human nature may be found in his knowledge of biology and psychology since he considers human beings similar to any organism, in that they have inborn needs or expectations. According to the author, people tend to hold on to the uniformities they discover, become afraid of change and even wish to dominate others; so if this occurs, the failure of a regularity provokes social disorder and also encourages people to create traditions and taboos. Even though the attachment to regularities is a source of dogmatism and intolerance (attitudes which are anathema to him), Popper advocates social regularities, like social traditions, more favourably than would many other liberals. He suggests that the maintenance of traditions (by which he seems to mean culture or settled ways of thinking and acting) brings order and predictability into our lives and even provides the founda tion of social structures: the important political task is to discriminate between valuable and harmful traditions. This conception of human nature has direct implications for the sort of society he wants to promote and the principles by which it is to be guided. He suggests a slow, gradual reform because this kind of change will not suddenly remove the traditions to which people have become accustomed and thereby create anxiety, terror and violence. There are many contradictions between Poppers advocacy of boldness, novelty and revolution in intellectual but not in social life: I think they might be explained more with reference to his theory of human nature than to his epistemology, even if he justifies the distinction in epistemological terms, it becomes clear that objective knowledge is preferable because of the constraints it exercises over subjective fears and impulses. This account of Poppers conception of human nature demonstrates his concern for the practical impact of ideas upon the social life of human beings, here we may notice a conservative tone in his political thought. Epistemology and History Poppers social and political thought includes a more general, speculative philosophy of history which indicates the character of historical progress. For the author, ideas are the main influences upon whether or not human progress is maintained: all social changes and conflicts, wars and revolutions can be seen as the result of conflict between opposing ideas and ideologies. Even with these conclusions, he shares with the historicists, whom he so vehemently attacks, a belief that there exists a direction to human history given by the growth of knowledge. He claims that the growth of knowledge, and thus the history of science, is the heart of all history. The social dilemmas produced by the most crucial episodes in the evolutionary history still remain; for the author these are best exemplified in the evolution of the different social arrangements that have arisen from the exercise of different human facilities. So the open and the close societies represent ideal types of two differen t stages of social and cultural evolution. According to the author where the lower biological needs are dominant, the social structure has the character of a closed society in which all social life is guided by myths and rigid taboos. A kind of magical attitude prevails, in the closed society there is no scope for self doubt and personal moral responsibility; changes in these kind of societies come about more by the introduction of new magical taboos than by ration attempts to improve social conditions. Popper affirms that the breakdown of the closed society began in Greece around 600 B.C., when new intellectual values, methods and ideas of acquiring knowledge arose together with an original style of politics. The Ionian School inaugurated a new tradition of critical thought: its innovation was to question and discuss dogmas and traditions instead of merely accepting them. Within this historical and philosophical transition, according to Popper, we can trace the emergence of a scien tific method. The ideas of criticism and democratic practice allowed human beings to commence their entrance into the open society where they could become aware of the importance of personal decisions and individual moral responsibility. Where biological and physical bonds became weaker more abstract relations, like exchange and cooperation, linked together people and groups. Democracy and the Open Society One of Poppers most striking contributions to contemporary political thought maybe found in his conception of democracy and of what he defines as open society. The idea of the open society operates both as a minimalist ideal to be sought after and as a celebration of the achievement of modern rationality and liberal democracy. Much of its appeals lies in its apparent capacity to limit the impact of our inevitable errors and to contain potentially harmful social tendencies. The open society, which is basically identified by the author as his idea of democracy, aims to promote criticism and diversity without succumbing either to violence or irreconcilable social division. This adventure in a creative and critical thougth produces conflict, but such problems are resolved by peaceful means; the values of freedom of thought and speech, toleration and individualism operate as both a motivation for, and a constraint upon, individual behavior. Those more substantial differences are to be channelled into the democratic process whereby governments can be replaced by free and regular elections. Popper recognizes the presence of certain dangers in the historical evolution of the open society: he suggests that it could become an abstract society in which social relations might become too rational but, although Popper acknowledges that modern industrial societies exhibit many such features, he denies that the process of abstraction or rationalization will actually complete itself. According to the philosopher there will always be emotional needs which human beings can not satisfy in an abstract society; in this view we see the distinction made between the private and the public sphere. The familiar function of the private sphere provides emotional and biological regeneration for authentic life in the public sphere; though Poppers neglect of the problems of unequal power and authority within family and personal life places him clearly in the mainstream of patriarchal political thought. Even though he knows, and admits, that such democracies fall short of his ideal, he is quite optimistic about their potential. Anyway we must recognize that the transition to the open society remains incomplete and its achievements are always and constantly under threat. On the one hand, biological needs, old traditions but especially the difficulties of living with rationality and personal responsibility all combine to challenge the new society; the passions of our lower nature are always liable to rise up and overthrow the controls instituted by self critical scientific rationality. On the other hand the open society may be inherently self-destructive because critical thought continually erodes those older closed traditions that sustain social institutions. Democracy performs a vital function for both politics and epistemology. I tprovides a peaceful means for reform and change pf government, while ensuring the freedom of thought and speech necessary for intellectual progress. This process encourages a pluralism of ideas and groups, it is the necessary precondition for the working out of political meaningn and aims, and is vital for the processes of critical through and the goal of emancipation through knowledge. Poppers theory of democracy typically grows out of his criticism of other approaches to government, initially Platos than Marxs. Our philosopher denies that the guiding principles of politics should be determined by answers given to the question Who should rule?, instead we should ask How can we so organize political institutions that bad and incompetent rulers can be prevents from doing too much damage? which is followed by an other essential question How can we get rid of those rulers without bloodshed and violence?. In responses, Popper argues that democracy should be founded upon a theory of check and balances: basically we are assuming that even the best rulers might fail, so this theory relies on institutional means for curbing their power. The major check is provided by periodic elections that enable people to oust their government without using violent means: this shows the difference between democracy and its opposite, tyranny which consists if governments which the ruled can not get rid of except by way of a successful revolution. He denies any true meaning or essence of democracy, but he asserts it doesnt mean the rule of people or even that the majority should rule, if only because this is impossible in any practical way. Democracy relies upon the political methods of general elections and representative government and Popper considers that these are always open to improvement; so in such a system individuals are allowed both to criticize the majoritys decisions and, within the law, to revise them. Actually Popper provides little details on the practical aspects, like the methods of representation, size and nature of electorates, and length of terms of office. He does reject proportional representation because of its origins in dubious theories of sovereignty and also because of its propensity to produce unstable coalition governments; in Poppers view, two party government is preferable if only because it allows for more serious internal self-criticism after elections defeats: his view of democracy is, in this sense, a relatively conventional elaboration of liberal pluralist principles. But on their own these principles may not guarantee the survival of liberal democracy: issues of representation, size, nature of electorates and so on all have a bearing upon weather citizens would consider themselves to be member of a legitimate democracy. A pluralist system of checks and balances may be so restrictive as to prevent a duly elected government and business to manipulate public opinion there may be little pressure at all upon those in office in order to change their policies. Assuming that the mass of people can not govern,Poppers theory of democracy may be reduced to a theory of competing elites; for this reason his procedural arguments lie within the tradition of realist and revisionist democratic theory that gives priority to competitive elites and argues for democracy as a method for choosing governments. But Popper departs from realist democratic theory because he recognizes that control over government is not all there is to creating a democratic state and society; his solution, however, is not to encourage widespread political participation but to require that the state protect democracy in two ways. First, since democracies must always be open to new ideas, protection must be given and assured to minorities, except to those who violate law and especially those who incite others to the violent overthrow of the democracy, so we must exclude just those violent changes that could put the democracy in dangerous. Second, because Popper is concerned to avoid the misuse of political power and economic power, he exhortes democratic states to engage in social and economic reforms; he strongly affirms the need of institutions to be constructed in order to protect the economically weak against the economically strong. So he sees the necessity of some sort of economic interventionism as well as some social reforms, the necessity of reforms are essential ingredients for a democratic order: the democratic system should work step by step in order to safeguard freedom form exploitation. Although such strategies create greater possibilities for increased state power and bureaucracy, these may be diminished by strengthening democratic institutions and by following the principles of piecemeal social engineering. This kind of policy is not as restrictive as it is commonly thought, but it odes rule out the nationalization and socialization of the entire private industry of a country. A separate point in favo r of piecemeal social engineering is thought to be its scientific character. Popper considers it methodologically superior to holisitc and revolutionary programmes, in part because social engineers accept the limitations of their knowledge. By reformulating key questions about democracy, Popper sidesteps some of the more usual difficulties of universalist democratic theory. By requiring state action to remedy certain kinds of social and economic problems, he offers more of a policy substance that the usual realist and proceduralist forms of democratic theory. His goal is to avoid or at least minimize the violent conflict that he sees inevitably arising from arguments over the good society. Whereas we may not be able to agree on abstract universal values, the shape of an ideal society or the ultimate good of people, we can generally reach agreement on concrete social and economic evils such as poverty and disease; Popper doesnt develop any universal values but he doesnt abandoned the m. I think a major advantage of Popper commitment to non-violence, public-criticism and freedom of speech is that allows us to retain a critical perspective upon all kinds of governments. His idea of minimal proceduralism and gradualism, for example, may accommodate democratic aspirations less developed or developing countries without subscribing to wholesale westernization and modernization. Poppers substantive policy proposals reject the radicalism of laissez-faire economics and offer the social benefits of gradualism, stability and security. Their negative utilitarianism encourages governments to ameliorate the worst aspects of individualism and capitalism, and allows a legitimate role for state intervention in society and economy. Popper combines ethical proceduralism with a requirement for state-initiated reform, his theory advances somewhat beyond the usual forms of democratic elitism and revisionism. Poppers social and political thought comprises elements which may be designed as liberal, social democratic and conservative. He deeply respects individual freedom and emphasizes the power of ideas in promoting progress while critical rationalism lies primarily within the mainstream of the liberal tradition. Nevertheless his conception of human nature is a combination of liberal and conservative assumptions, which sets out both an optimistic view of human potential and a largely pessimistic account of human needs. Poppers social vision, however, is a liberal rationalist one: an open society in which the values of freedom, reason, toleration and non-violence prevail; he suggests institutional guidelines for building and maintaining democracy, advocating policies such as piecemeal social engineering, oriented towards protecting individuals form the ravages of the market. But for a liberal philosopher, however, the guiding values of liberty, rationality, toleration and non-violence of t he open society are relatively undeveloped. Poppers conservativism is most evident in his political realism and his uncritical attitude towards contemporary liberal democracies. Underlying his stress upon the need for creative and revolutionary thought there is the fear that this will bring social disorder. Hence, such intellectual processes need to be contained within firm traditions whose overthrow cannot be countenanced except to establish a democracy. I believe we might see his political project as an attempt to provide more suitable tradtions or controls upon human thought and action; but I still find an unavoidable conflict between his liberal rationalist values and his perception of the perverse and intractable nature of individuals even if his ethical individualism and cosmopolitism differentiate him form most conservatives. Popper sees totalitarianism of all stripes as essentially tribal, as a closed society, a rebellion against the strain of civilization. He assaults it by using his philosophy of science (which greatly emphasizes falsification, i.e. the refutation of statements and theories) to criticize the doctrines of those whom Popper takes to be behind modern totalitarianism, namely Plato, Aristotle, Hegel and Marx. Brian Magee ably summarizes Poppers reasons for defending the Open Society: Because he regards living as first and foremost a process of problem-solving he wants societies which are conducive to problem-solving. And because problem-solving calls for the bold propounding of trial solutions which are then subjected to criticism and error elimination, he wants forms of society which permit of the untramelled assertion of different proposals, followed by criticism, followed by the genuine possibility of change in the light of criticism. Regardless of any moral considerations he believes that a society organized on such lines will be more effective at solving its problems, and therefore more successful in achieving the aims of its members, than if it were organized on other lines. Such a society is what Popper takes to be social democracy, entailing the prob lem-solving of piecemeal social engineering. This social democracy may indeed have once inspired the intellectual elite of the West, seeking (as many were) alternatives to fascism and communism, but today it inspires hardly anyone. And for good reason, for what else is democratic social reconstruction but that postwar system of fine-tuning the economy, the reign of countless redistributive social programs designed by politicians and social scientists to meet those alleged social needs that a host of interest groups are pressing upon the political systems of the West as non-negotiable demands? Since the Second World War, most of the Western democracies have followed Poppers advice about piecemeal social engineering and democratic social reform, and it has gotten them into a grand mess. Intervention has been piled upon intervention; regulations have been continually modified in unpredictable ways (Popper advocates such revisions in the light of experience); taxation has increased dras tically to finance social welfare programs (as has inflation, with its resulting economic fluctuations); and the unhampered market economy, so forcefully defended by Poppers close friend F. A. Hayek, has been reformed out of existence. Interventionism, piecemeal or not, has worked its inevitable way, and has led to precisely those consequences that Mises, Hayek, Rothbard and others had predicted: economic stagnation and political conflict. Democratic institutions themselves are threatened by those whose vested interests are entwined with the State apparatus. Dime store tinkering, even with freedom of criticism and revision, is leading to the closed society that Popper so fears. There is indeed nothing new in this warning; it is the theme of both Ludwig von Mises Socialism and F. A. Hayeks The Road to Serfdom. In short, the Open Society is not enough. If the Open Society is equivalent to a society in which everything and anything is open to democratic revision except the basic institutions that make democratic revision possible then Popper is only focusing on one need of human beings (that a dubious collective need), not the broader need for liberty that is implied in the outline of his argument as stated by Magee. Popper makes a great deal of noise about individualism, but nevertheless only applies the structure of that argument to collective processes of hypothesis, testing (action) and revision in the light of experience; the argument would apply to individuals as well, since they are the sole constituents of society. By focusing on this collective democratic character of the Open Society, Popper ignores the more basic need for individual liberty in art, business, science, and all other areas as well.The arguments for democracy that Popper presents, then, are in principle identical to arguments for individual liberty. It is the principle of non-aggression, the first principle of liberty, that properly limits the domain of democracy. If Poppers arguments for democracy (as opposed to his advocacy of democracy itself) are valid, then it is not the rigidity of a technology of social engineering that we should seek, but an unhampered market economy, where people can constantly act on their own judgment and can continually revise their plans in accordance with the new information brought by change. This brings us not to social democracy, but to the doctrine of libertarianism. Far more important than the principle of democracy, then, even by Poppers own arguments, is the principle of individual liberty. Liberty is paramount, democracy at best secondary: democracy is important only insofar as it is the servant of and means to the end of liberty. Thus, in following the logical implications of Poppers views (which are not, after all, that original), we move from the open society to the Free Society, and find ourselves agreeing with Michael Polanyis claim, contra Popper, that the Free Society is not an Open Society, but a society committed to a very definite set of rules. In Poppers Open Society, the principle of democracy is regarded as fixed, as not being open to revision. In the Free Society, it is the far more fundamental principle of individual liberty and non-aggression that is not open to revision (though its implications may be refined with growing knowledge). Poppers reasoning is, by and large, correct, but it is individuals who must solve problems to survive, not societies, and therefore individuals who must be free to think and act to achieve values and to revise mistaken plans and impressions in the light of experience or more critical thought. Why is it important to consider The Open Society and Its Enemies after all these years? Very simply, because these are the times when totalitarianism is on the rise, and Western democracies are in the midst of crises that are threatening the stability of their basic institutions, and perhaps even their very survival. In this battle against totalitarianism todays right-wing social democrats the neo-conservatives such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Irving Kristol and Daniel Bell are once again raising the banner of social democracy against tyranny. But this is pointless, for such democracy combined with social engineering and statist reforms is inherently unstable and is unjust as well. No mere democratic machinery, no mere procedure, is enough to oppose fascism or communism, not in a world of those real social dynamics that are set in motion by interventionism. Only liberty can fully oppose closed societies, and only if liberty is seen as something that is not to be bargained away or a bandoned through as series of insignificant piecemeal reforms. Liberty must be regarded as the ultimate political end, foremost among those political values held dear by reasonable men and women, the highest and most noble political form possible to human beings. I do not wish to leave the impression that The Open Society is worthless. It is indeed a heuristic work, tossing off suggestive arguments and insights on nearly every page, and the criticisms of Plato, Hegel and Marx are always pregnant ones. Popper is a great and forceful advocate of reason, science and progess, and his passionate idealism shines forth continually from the pages of this work. But so too does nearly every moth-eaten philosophical cliche around, e.g., the attack on certainty, the fact/value dichotomy, and the Humean assault on induction. Moreover, Popper is unnerving in his treatment of capitalism. Opponents of the Open Society who see it as being too coercive are slighted by Poppers astonishing smears of laissez faire, his continual granting of Marxist historical points against capitalism, and his cheerful parading before us of those democratic reforms that have all but obliterated the unhampered free market economy. Social democracy, the Open Society, has been tried and found wanting. The question that faces us now is simply whether those lovers of experiment and flexibility are experimental and flexible enough to advocate that liberty be given a chance. If it is not given that chance, there may be no tu rning back, and we may yet arrive in an era when we shall look back at the totalitarianism of the 1930s as a veritable golden age. But in one sense, at least, Popper is right: the future is ours to shape. Liberty has never been fully tried. It is the task of readers of this journal to remedy that unfortunate situation; if we do not, no one else will.

Alternative Energy

The future of humanity Is at stake due to the high consumption of energy sources that are used to get us through our everyday lives! Our most common methods of generating energy are polluting our beloved planet Earth and tearing up the ozone layer. Also, many of these methods we are currently abusing to generate energy are non-renewable. That's means we could run out any day now. This is a formula for complete disaster, but don't be scared. Like most things we can fix this situation we have put ourselves into with alternative energy sources. Sorry Captain Planet it looks like you will be sitting this one out.There are many different forms of clean and renewable alternative energy. Fortunately it look likes we may be headed down the right path to saving humanity. Some of these forms of alternative energy that can definitely help solve the problem are: wind energy; hydrogen; solar power; wave energy. Currently wind power only provides about 0. 15 percent of the worlds electricity but I t has become one of the fastest growing forms of clean, alternative energy. Gigantic windmills, also known as wind turbines are sprouting up all across the land and seas of the world.These towers can be a massive one hundred meters tall. One f these towers alone has the ability to produce 1,650 kilowatts of power. That Is enough electricity to adequately power roughly 350 European homes. Since 1992, more commercial wind farms have been installed in more countries than ever before. There are now 40,000 turbines in 40 countries, and the world's wind energy capacity is growing at nearly 27 per cent annually. In 1998, it topped 10,000 megawatts (MM), about the total energy producing capacity of a country like Denmark.The 1999 figures are not all in, but we know that 1998 was a boom year for the wind power Industry. Equipment sales topped $2 billion and there ere 35,000 Jobs In the sector worldwide. Growth Is expected to continue at about 25 per cent a year. (Madsen, Pa. 6) In Europe the re are plans to have forty thousand megawatts of wind power Installed by the end of 2010. Wind is one of the best sources sources of alternative energy due to the fact it is completely environmentally friendly and we will never run out of wind. Denmark, the wind energy pioneer, covers 10 per cent of its electricity consumption from wind power, delivered from an installed capacity of some 1,700 MM(Madsen, Pa. 8). † Not far behind are also Germany and Spain due to the terrain and steady flow of mind. While everything is working out great for wind power over in Europe things aren't going quite as well here in the U. S. A, unfortunately. Currently wind power only provides about 0. 1 percent of the continents electricity needs. This is due in large part to a congressional argument every couple of years about a tax break to help boost the wind power Industry. Wind turbines produce electricity in California for between 4. 5 cents and 4. 8 cents per K-H, roughly the same as the cost o f power from a coal-fired plant. Emory Loves of the Rocky Mountain Institute In Colorado lives that a new generation of sugarless wind turbines will improve efficiency and the U. S. A. Is not the only area slacking in the wind power industry. Asia, South America and Africa are even farther behind, in regards to wind power, than the U. S. A. Experts believe that twenty percent of the entire worlds energy needs could be supplied by wind power.There is enough wind to provide twice the expected global electricity demand for 2020. Even if only 10 percent of energy needs were met by wind power, the world would be spared about 10 billion tons of carbon emissions (out of a total of 60-70 billion tons). To achieve this goal, 120 times more wind capacity would have to be installed than there is would be very high, but operation and marginal. (Madsen, Pa. 12) today. The initial investment required maintenance costs would be As with every industry, the technology of wind turbines has improved g reatly over the years.The manufacturers have been building bigger and better turbines and as a result of this the price of wind power has been dropping by about twenty percent since 1999. This makes wind power not only a great environmental choice but also a great economical choice. In the long run wind power is much cheaper than rotational ways of generating energy like coal power plants. Once the turbines are installed they require very little maintenance and fuel does not need to be purchased or gathered to allow them to create the energy we need. As far back as Jules Verne, visionaries have predicted that society will someday be utterly transformed by energy based on hydrogen. â€Å"(Strip, Len. 1) We have more hydrogen in the universe than any other element. Hydrogen is extremely clean and produces mostly Just water vapor when it is burned. Fuel cells power by hydrogen will be able to solve many energy problems that we currently face. The technology is already in place and rea dy right now to allow to hydrogen to take over as the main resource for generating energy.It may take a while to be able to convert most everything we depend tog e through our daily lives, but for a cleaner more efficient future it is definitely the right path to take. The first step down the hydrogen path would be to outfit fuel stations for hydrogen powered vehicles, which there are a few that were recently put out on the market. Manufacturers being able to mass produce the hydrogen fuel cells will also be a big boost as it would greatly decrease the cost for the mass market. Around the industrialized world, the seeds of oil displacement are already visible.Next year, for instance, three major energy companies in Scandinavia plan to build a pilot plant to make hydrogen from wind power. While it's only a start, the implications are huge: Denmark, the world wind-power leader, already gets nearly 15% of its electricity from the wind. Use that electricity to produce hydrogen, and the Danes would have the energy equivalent of the Euro: an energy currency that can be efficiently swapped for heat or locomotion, or turned back into electricity. And while electricity is hard to store n large quantities, hydrogen is easy.The Scandinavians plan to use it in fuel- cell that equipped buildings and vehicles–such as the hydrogen-powered buses Demolisher's expects to roll out in Europe next year. (Strip, Pa. 8) Another great thing about hydrogen power is that it can be used to drive other produce hydrogen. That benefits everyone in two ways. First, producing hydrogen while harnessing the power of the wind or the sun does not produce and harmful emissions that can damage the ozone layer. Secondly, electricity is hard to store but hydrogen is very easy.Today, 20 percent of all units sold to heat pools are solar. The potential value of the technology is shown in Israel, where solar hot water heaters displace 6 percent of the country's total electricity consumption. (Ham mer, Pa. 9) Not only is solar energy heir savings. It is estimated that by 2020 there will be over 1 50,000 Americans employed in the photovoltaic industry. (Hammer, Pa. 9) â€Å"Wave energy has been hailed as the most promising renewable source for maritime countries. It does no environmental damage and is inexhaustible?the waves go on for ever.It is invariably popular with the public, which has a sentimental love of the sea. â€Å"(Ross, Pa. 1) Getting energy from the wave of the ocean is probably one of the oldest and best ideas for alternative energy. The first patent for wave energy was filed by a father and son during the time of the French Revolution. Ross, Pa. 2) Unfortunately, there was was little progress in converting this great resource into usable energy until the last quarter century due to little knowledge of what a wave really is and how it worked(Ross, Pa. 3).Harnessing the massive of power of waves to generate energy has been a daunting task so far because of the harsh conditions the equipment must be able to endure. There has been success though. Yogis Massed, from Japan, invented the oscillating water column (OCW)? effectively a chimney which stands on the seabed and admits the waves through its base. As they rise and fall in the open sea outside, the n opening near to height of the column of water inside rises and falls too. As the water level rises, air is forced up and out through a turbine which spins and drives the generator.As it falls again, air is sucked back in from the atmosphere to fill the resulting vacuum and once again the turbo-generator is activated. Professor Alan Wells of Queen's University, Belfast, greatly improved the efficiency of the invention by devising a turbine which spins in the same direction regardless of whether the air is being pushed out or sucked back into the chimney. (Ross, Pa. 6-7) This is Just one of the many ways of of generating power room waves that is currently in use or under development by resea rchers around the world.One of the more interesting methods that is currently under going testing and development is the Salver's Duck, invented by Professor Stephen Salter of Edinburgh University. His invention consists of cones called ducks that are built around a spine that is connected to a central generator. As the ducks bob up and down while they are they on the waves they drive the generator(Ross, Pa. 9). The biggest hurdle that wave power faces now is not the lack of knowledge to put the technology into use but the lack of financial backing. Like most new developing cosmologies it is very expensive to get going at first because the fact that it is new.Wave power however is a great investment because it has the potential to produce incredible amounts of electricity without harming the environment. The well being of our planet should come first. It's pretty hard to argue against the fact that something needs to be done help the planet we live on get back to a healthy state. Th e way we produce energy to get through or daily lives, not Just in America but the whole world, needs a face lift to rival that of Joan Rivers. Yes, it is true that face lifts are are not cheap and may not fix al the problems we currently have with how we create energy.But, everyone knows that something needs to be done. There is a chance that many of these ideas for alternative energy may end being in the rough that could turn out to be the next Brett Fare of the alternative energy industry. We need to take a chance on some of these unproven technologies for the future of the human race and our planet Earth. Not only will these new sources of energy help the planet but the economy as well. Thousands of new and exciting Jobs will be created. In conclusion, alternative energy sources can be the true savior of the human race. Alternative Energy Continuously coughing while driving down the road, Maggie, a seventy-year-old woman presently living in Bend, Oregon makes her way towards the physician. Twice a month she has to drive just three blocks down the street to the doctor's office to pick up her medication. Maggie has to use the medication to ease her breathing problems caused by the devastating pollution in the big city. Only fifty years ago, Bend was a beautiful, small city with clear skies and thousands of lush, green trees. In the winter, hundreds of tourists would flock to the town for winter sports at Mount Bachelor. Now, Bend is a terribly polluted mass of buildings, streets, and people. Instead of tourists visiting in the winter for skiing and snowboarding, they come for the warm temperatures and a fresh tan. Over the years, the pollution build up from nuclear power plants and the carbon dioxide from automobiles caused the city to have hideous smog problems. The constant exhaust protruding from the tail pipes of millions of cars across the globe caused the year-round temperatures to shoot up unstoppably. If the human race does not change the current lifestyle, this sad tale could one day be a reality. To prevent this from happening alternative energy sources should be used more frequently throughout the world. Alternative energy sources are underutilized resources that need to be embraced and used before too much harm is done to the earth, and it is too late to reverse the effects. Although many people think that it is too costly to convert to an alternative energy source, such as solar power, the money that is spent to switch from one source to another is eventually regained due to lower electrical bills. A couple living in Pennsylvania has a solar photovoltaic system mounted on their roof, which generates the power needed to live. The generator then sends any extra power back to a main electrical grid causing the electric meter to spin backward, thus saving the couple hundreds of dollars. In one year, the couple generated almost five hundred more kilowatt-hours of electrical power than they needed. Having the extra electricity meant virtually no electrical bills for the entire year; the two only had to pay sixty-one dollars of customer-service fees in 2001, rather than 560 dollars of electrical bills in 1993 (Heavens). If one couple's electric bill were that high in 1993, imagine how much higher it would be now. With solar power as a main source of energy, hundreds of dollars a year can be saved on electricity, eventually saving vast amounts of money for users. Some people may agree that using an alternative energy source, such as solar power, will save money, but do not want to convert because forms of alternative energy are not very widely and readily available. While it is true that there are not large amounts of various forms of alternative energy available, it is also true that more are defiantly needed. Recent blackouts have shown that there are too many people and not enough energy. According to a national trade group for utilities, the Edison Electric Institute, â€Å"[t]housands of small neighborhood blackouts occur each year in the USA, lasting from a few seconds to a few hours† (Iwata 3b). Along with those small blackouts, there were also 324 large and midsize blackouts and more than a dozen super-blackouts from 1984 to 2000. All of these blackouts are still occurring, even though the North American grid is regarded as the most advanced in the world (Iwata 3b). If there could be more energy available, then there would not be as many blackouts across the nation and people would not have to deal with going without power. While many alternative energy sources can help reduce blackouts, they can also help people maintain a healthier lifestyle by cutting down on smog problems. While driving in a car, more fuel-efficient driving habits can help a great deal in reducing pollution and smog in the city. For every one-liter of fuel that is saved, almost two and a half kilograms of carbon dioxide are kept from entering the atmosphere. Keeping the carbon dioxide from entering the air prevents smog problems, and with less smog problems numerous health problems can be reduced in the population. Many people suffer from asthma and respiratory illnesses because of so many automobiles across the globe, and, 5,000 people in Canada alone die a year from smog in the city (â€Å"Breathe† 16). If Canada has 5,000 deaths per year from smog, then thousands more people die across the world just from the pollution-causing exhaust fumes trailing out of vehicles around the planet. If more people use alternative fuel cars or hybrid electric cars, hundreds of people can be kept healthier because of less pollution. Along with being healthier for people, alternative energy sources help save the ozone layer, preventing more damage to the earth from occurring. According to estimates, the overall global temperature has increased five to nine degrees Fahrenheit since the last ice age (Stevens 60). This temperature fluctuation does not seem like a big deal, but with another one to six-degree raise in temperature expected by the year 2100 (Stevens 59), ocean levels could raise destroying wildlife habitats, ocean ecosystems, and seaside cities. Also, tropical storms could become more severe, destroying any lasting cities along the coastal regions of the earth (Stevens 60). When using alternative energy sources, people can help to save the ozone layer from too much damage, helping the entire planet. Not only do alternative energy sources help to save the ozone layer, but they also help to prevent nuclear wastes from harming the earth. Nuclear power plants use radioactive materials to create energy, and after they are done with the materials, they are buried in the ground. The radioactive material that is buried in the ground, depending on the type, can cause death to many organisms by slowing killing all the cells due to radiation. For the organisms that do not die, they can either get cancer, or some sort of mutation in their reproductive cells causing damage to future generations (Weber 22). Some of the wastes from nuclear power plants can be harmful for three to five hundred years and other can be up in the millions (Weber 26). If the waste is harmful for hundreds or even millions of years, than we not only have to worry about health risks for current generations, but also the future generations across the globe. For the future generations, if the waste is harmful for so many years, the less populated areas that are now used for disposing of these wastes may one day be extremely populous regions around the country. When using nuclear power there are large amounts of harmful wastes to worry about, but with an alternative energy source, there are no harmful wastes that put risks to people's health and environmental health. There are many different forms of alternative energy sources, all of which need to be more widely embraced and applied to current methods, otherwise too much irreversible damage could be done to the earth. The environment and the health of the human population both need protection from pollution, otherwise cities which are currently relatively small and still have clear skies and green trees, may one day end up with little amounts of trees, overgrown populations and terrible pollution problems. The global climate will rise and land destroyed by nuclear wastes could still be harmful if humans have too much contact with the area. If the human race does not discover better, less destructive ways of creating energy, then who knows what the world may one day look like?